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Africa > Zimbabwe

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Cover IMF Working Papers
The Heavy Economic Toll of Gender-based Violence: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa
Rasmané Ouedraogo and Mr. David Stenzel
The COVID-19 pandemic and lockdowns have led to a rise in gender-based violence. In this paper, we explore the economic consequences of violence against women in sub-Saharan Africa using large demographic and health survey data collected pre-pandemic. Relying on a two-stage least square method to address endogeneity, we find that an increase in the share of women subject to violence by 1 percentage point can reduce economic activities (as proxied by nightlights) by up to 8 percent. This economic cost results from a significant drop in female employment. Our results also show that violence against women is more detrimental to economic development in countries without protective laws against domestic violence, in natural resource rich countries, in countries where women are deprived of decision-making power and during economic downturns. Beyond the moral imperative, the findings highlight the importance of combating violence against women from an economic standpoint, particularly by reinforcing laws against domestic violence and strengthening women’s decision-making power.
Keywords:
Gender-based violence; economic development; sub-Saharan Africa; evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa; effects of decision-making power; consequences of violence; effects of law; effects of natural resources; Women; Employment; Estimation techniques; Gender inequality; Sub-Saharan Africa
Cover Departmental Papers
The Mystery of Missing Real Spillovers in Southern Africa: Some Facts and Possible Explanations
Olivier Basdevant, Mr. Andrew W Jonelis, Miss Borislava Mircheva, and Mr. Slavi T Slavov
Anecdotal evidence suggests that the economies of South Africa and its neighbors (Botswana, Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia, Swaziland, and Zimbabwe) are tightly integrated with each other. There are important institutional linkages. Across the region there are also large flows of goods and capital, significant financial sector interconnections, as well as sizeable labor movements and associated remittance flows. These interconnections suggest that South Africa’s GDP growth rate should affect positively its neighbors’, a point we illustrate formally with the help of numerical simulations of the IMF’s GIMF model. However, our review and update of the available econometric evidence suggest that there is no strong evidence of real spillovers in the region after 1994, once global shocks are controlled for. More generally, we find no evidence of real spillovers from South Africa to the rest of the continent post-1994. We investigate the possible reasons for this lack of spillovers. Most importantly, the economies of South Africa and the rest of Sub-Saharan Africa might have de-coupled in the mid-1990s. That is when international sanctions on South Africa ended and the country re-integrated with the global economy, while growth in the rest of the continent accelerated due to a combination of domestic and external factors.
Keywords:
DPPP; DP; GDP; Swaziland; real GDP; center; BLMNSZ dummy; growth impact; SA bank; world GDP; Real GDP growth; Spillovers; Exports; Imports; Business cycles; Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Southern Africa; Global
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Republic of Mozambique: Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper: Annual Progress Report: Review of the Economic and Social Plan for 2007
International Monetary Fund
This Annual Progress Report reviews the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper and Economic and Social Plan for 2007 for Mozambique. The report presents the new simplified structure adopted in the Review of the First Half of 2007. In the international context, the evolution of the international economy is presented, which allows a visualization of the international economic conditions in which the country has implemented its economic and social policy. The activities of the environment and the science and technology sectors are also described.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; military training; private sector; exchange rate; value chain; civil construction; cashew nut; public finance; HIV and AIDS; Africa; North America; Southern Africa; Global
Cover IMF Working Papers
Wage Gaps and Development: Lessons from U.S. History
Mr. Alex Mourmouras and Mr. Peter Rangazas
During the course of development, wages and labor productivity are much higher in the nonfarm sectors of the economy than in agriculture. In this paper, we examine the sources and consequences of wage and productivity gaps in the U.S. from 1800 to 2000. We build a quantitative general equilibrium model that closely matches the two-century long paths of farm and non-farm labor productivity growth, schooling, and fertility in the U.S. The family farm emerges as an important institution that contributes to differences in wages and labor productivity. Income from farm ownership compensates farm workers for the relatively low labor productivity and wages earned in agriculture. Farm ownership, along with the higher cost of raising children off the farm, generated a two-fold gap in labor productivity across the farm and nonfarm sectors in the 19th century US. Consequently, the reallocation of labor from farming to industry raised the average annual growth rate of output per worker by about half a percentage point over the 19th century. The paper also draws some lessons from the quantitative analysis of U.S. economic history for currently developing countries.
Keywords:
WP; mover accent
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Zimbabwe
Selected Issues and Statistical Appendix
International Monetary Fund

This Selected Issues paper and Statistical Appendix analyzes recent trends in poverty and social indicators for Zimbabwe. It discusses land reform, agricultural policies, and the outcomes. The paper presents background information on the evolution of inflation and money aggregates in Zimbabwe. It analyzes the demand of money since the late 1990s, and discusses factors that can lead to diverging paths of inflation and money growth in the short term. The paper also analyzes Zimbabwe’s export performance in recent years, and identifies the factors that could improve export performance, from both a quantitative and qualitative perspective.

Keywords:
ISCR; CR; public sector wage bill; AIDS patient; staff attrition; MDG goal; AIDS policy; HIV and AIDS; Africa
Cover The Macroeconomics of HIV/AIDS
The Macroeconomics of HIV/AIDS
Mr. Markus Haacker

Abstract

This paper analyzes the macroeconomics of HIV/AIDS. The paper highlights that the mortality and morbidity associated with AIDS make it unlike most other types of sickness and disease. The paper describes the most common approaches used in accounting for growth in the context of an HIV/AIDS epidemic. The impact of HIV/AIDS on education and the accumulation of human capital is discussed. The paper also discusses the impact of HIV/AIDS on the public sector, and elaborates certain demographic events specific to the HIV/AIDS pandemic.

Keywords:
BOOK; Aids; life expectancy; AIDS epidemic; AIDS mortality; AIDS patient; AIDS pandemic; AIDS death; HIV and AIDS; Health care; Personal income; Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Global; Asia and Pacific; Caribbean
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Republic of Mozambique: Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper Progress Report (Review of the Economic and Social Plan for 2003)
International Monetary Fund
This paper reviews Mozambique’s economic and social plan for 2003. It presents the actions that have been taken to improve the current planning instrument. The paper outlines the social and demographic profile of Mozambique and reviews the extent to which the current strategy for the reduction of absolute poverty in the country is meeting its aims. Results are presented in terms of changes in the welfare indicators, and the extent to which Mozambique is on course to achieve the Millennium Development Goals.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; economic growth; gross domestic product; food product; private sector; community development; evaluation strategy; economic plan; strategy execution; State budget; State revenue; State expenditure; government monitoring; tributary authority; government player; government action; government programme; HIV and AIDS; Africa; Global
Cover IMF Working Papers
The Economic Consequences of HIV/AIDS in Southern Africa
Mr. Markus Haacker
The paper provides an analysis of the impact of HIV/AIDS on the health sector, public education, the supply of labor and the returns to training in nine Southern African countries. Drawing on the preceding sections, it assesses the impact of HIV/AIDS on per capita income in a neoclassical growth framework. HIV/AIDS affects per capita income mainly through its impact of human capital, as measured by the supply of experienced workers. Other factors include the impact on capital accumulation, on education, and on total factor productivity.
Keywords:
WP; labour force; rate of return; HIV/AIDS; Health; Education; Government Expenditures; Economic Growth; Southern Africa; AIDS victim; AIDS case; AIDS incidence rate; AIDS patient; HIV and AIDS; Health care; Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; health sector; AIDS epidemic; copyright page; supply of experienced worker
Cover IMF Survey
IMF Working Paper: Despite prevention campaigns, southern Africa faces daunting challenges coping with HIV/AIDS
International Monetary Fund. External Relations Dept.

Southern Africa is the region of the world hardest hit by HIV/AIDS, with HIV prevalence rates ranging from about 15 percent to 35 percent of the adult population. Addressing an area in which little research has been done and few data are available, Economist Markus Haacker of the IMF’s African Department studied the economic consequences of HIV/AIDS in nine southern African countries, including the effects on the health sector, public education, and the labor supply. He recently spoke to the IMF Survey about his study.

Keywords:
SV; IMF Concludes; SDR; IMF Approves; inflation expectatio; IMF survey; HIV prevalence rate; AIDS epidemic; HIV patient; HIV epidemic; Health care; Human capital
Cover IMF Survey
Economic and social implications: Faced with large human losses, Swaziland focuses on controlling HIV/AIDS epidemic
International Monetary Fund. External Relations Dept.

When an IMF mission visited Swaziland for the annual Article IV consultation in April 2000, it discussed with the authorities the economic and social implications of the HIV/AIDS epidemic that the country is experiencing. This article highlights some of the issues that emerged during the visit, such as the scale of the demographic impact, the impact on the public and private sectors, and government strategies to combat the epidemic.

Keywords:
SV; IMF's sale; World Bank-IMF Africa Club; AIDS epidemic; IMF contribution; AIDS victim; AIDS orphan; government employee; AIDS death; HIV infection; Health care; Africa