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Political Science > Environmental Policy

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Cover Technical Assistance Reports
Colombia: Technical Assistance Report-Report of the Diagnostic Mission on Macro-relevant Climate Change Statistics (July 17–21, 2023)
International Monetary Fund. Statistics Dept.
Colombia is deeply committed to climate change policies, as evidenced by Law N° 1931 (2018), which outlines actions to adapt to climate change and reduce greenhouse gas emissions, aiming to decrease the vulnerability of the population and ecosystems while promoting a sustainable, low-carbon economy. The National Statistical office of the country, Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE), is dedicated to developing integrated environmental and economic data, and regularly compiles and disseminates selected accounts from the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA). However, to effectively implement climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies, Colombia requires substantial amounts of granular, relevant, and reliable data for evidence-based planning. In this context, a mission took place from July 17-21, 2023, funded by the Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs (SECO) and hosted by DANE. During this mission, discussions with authorities focused on key priorities, identifying feasible developments such as enhancements to existing SEEA energy and emissions flow accounts, mineral and energy asset accounts, and the establishment of domestic carbon footprints.
Keywords:
Colombia; Environmental and Climate Change Statistics; SEEA; and SECO.; IMF executive directors; instrumentalities of the CD recipient; climate change data; State secretariat; climate change statistics; Climate change; Greenhouse gas emissions; Climate policy; Tourism; Caribbean
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Senegal: Requests for an Extended Arrangement Under the Extended Fund Facility, an Arrangement Under the Extended Credit Facility, and an Arrangement Under the Resilience and Sustainability Facility-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for Senegal
International Monetary Fund. African Dept.
This paper presents Senegal’s Requests for an Extended Arrangement under the Extended Fund Facility (EFF), an Arrangement under the Extended Credit Facility (ECF), and an Arrangement under the Resilience and Sustainability Facility (RSF). The Senegalese economy has been severely impacted by different shocks including the rising food and energy prices, tightening financial conditions, weaker external demand, and the US dollar appreciation. The EFF/ECF-supported program will help meet Senegal’s protracted balance of payment needs and address macroeconomic imbalances. Policy priorities under the EFF/ECF program include reducing debt vulnerabilities by embarking on a growth-friendly fiscal consolidation, strengthening governance, and delivering a more inclusive and job-rich growth. The RSF aims to tackle longer-term structural challenges related to climate change and the implementation of climate policies. The RSF will support Senegal's climate change mitigation objectives, accelerate the country’s climate change adaptation, and support work to mainstream climate change considerations into the budget process.
Keywords:
authorities' fiscal policy goal; Senegalese authorities; policy reform; EFF request; RSF arrangement; ECF-supported program; Climate change; Budget planning and preparation; Global; West Africa
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Senegal: Requests for an Extended Arrangement Under the Extended Fund Facility, an Arrangement Under the Extended Credit Facility, and an Arrangement Under the Resilience and Sustainability Facility-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for Senegal
International Monetary Fund. African Dept.
This paper presents Senegal’s Requests for an Extended Arrangement under the Extended Fund Facility (EFF), an Arrangement under the Extended Credit Facility (ECF), and an Arrangement under the Resilience and Sustainability Facility (RSF). The Senegalese economy has been severely impacted by different shocks including the rising food and energy prices, tightening financial conditions, weaker external demand, and the US dollar appreciation. The EFF/ECF-supported program will help meet Senegal’s protracted balance of payment needs and address macroeconomic imbalances. Policy priorities under the EFF/ECF program include reducing debt vulnerabilities by embarking on a growth-friendly fiscal consolidation, strengthening governance, and delivering a more inclusive and job-rich growth. The RSF aims to tackle longer-term structural challenges related to climate change and the implementation of climate policies. The RSF will support Senegal's climate change mitigation objectives, accelerate the country’s climate change adaptation, and support work to mainstream climate change considerations into the budget process.
Keywords:
authorities' fiscal policy goal; Senegalese authorities; policy reform; EFF request; RSF arrangement; ECF-supported program; Climate change; Budget planning and preparation; Global; West Africa
Cover IMF Working Papers
Decomposing Climate Risks in Stock Markets
Yuanchen Yang, Chengyu Huang, and Yuchen Zhang
Climate change poses an unprecedented challenge to the world economy and the global financial system. This paper sets out to understand and quantify the impact of climate mitigation, with a focus on climate-related news, which represents an important information source that investors use to revise their subjective assessments of climate risks. Using full-text data from Financial Times from January 2005 to March 2022, we develop machine learning-based indicators to measure risks from climate mitigation, and the direction of the risk is identified through manual labels. The documented risk premium indicates that climate mitigation news has been partially priced in the Canadian stock market. More specifically, stock prices react positively to market-wide climate-favorable news but they do not react negatively to climate-unfavorable news. The results are robust to different model specifications and across equity markets.
Keywords:
Climate Mitigation; Machine Learning; Asset Pricing; climate mitigation news; climate news factor; sorting strategy; EU stock market; climate news coverage; Climate change; Climate policy; Oil sector; Asset prices; Global
Cover IMF Working Papers
The Impact of Climate Policy on Oil and Gas Investment: Evidence from Firm-Level Data
Mr. Christian Bogmans, Mr. Andrea Pescatori, and Ervin Prifti
Using a text-based firm-level measure of climate policy exposure, we show that climate policies have led to a global decline of 6.5 percent in investment among publicly traded oil and gas companies between 2015 and 2019, with European companies experiencing the most significant impact. Similarly, climate policy uncertainty has also had a negative impact. Results support the Neoclassical investment model, which predicts a pre-emptive cut in investment in reaction to downward shifts in prospective demand, in contrast with the “green paradox” that predicts an increase in current investment to shift production toward the present.
Keywords:
Fossil fuel phase out; Paris Agreement; energy transition; DiD; climate policy uncertainty; gas investment; investment model; climate policy exposure; gas firm; Climate policy; Oil sector; Climate change; Oil prices; Carbon tax; Global
Cover IMF Working Papers
The IMF-World Bank Climate Policy Assessment Tool (CPAT): A Model to Help Countries Mitigate Climate Change
Simon Black, Ian W.H. Parry, Victor Mylonas, Nate Vernon, and Karlygash Zhunussova
To stabilize the climate, global greenhouse gas emissions must be cut by 25 to 50 percent by 2030 compared to 2019. Such an unprecedented rate of decarbonization necessitates climate mitigation policies across countries, notably carbon pricing, fossil fuel subsidy reform, renewable subsidies, feebates, emission rate regulations, and public investments. To design and implement effective, efficient, and equitable policies, governments need tools to assess economic, environmental, fiscal, and social impacts. To support this effort, the IMF and World Bank are making their joint Climate Policy Assessment Tool (CPAT) available to governments. CPAT is a transparent, flexible, and user-friendly model covering over 200 countries. It allows for the rapid quantification of impacts of climate mitigation policies, including on energy demand, prices, emissions, revenues, welfare, GDP, households and industries, local air pollution and health, and many other metrics. This paper describes the CPAT model, its data sources, key assumptions, and caveats.
Keywords:
CPAT; climate mitigation; carbon pricing; instrument choice; fiscal incidence; health co-benefits; transport co-benefits; welfare effects; IMF-World Bank Climate Policy Assessment Tool; climate mitigation policy; CPAT model; CPAT structure; CPAT application; Climate policy; Energy pricing; Energy prices; Fuel prices; Global
Cover Selected Issues Papers
Assessing Recent Climate Policy Initiatives in the Netherlands: NETHERLANDS
Chen Chen, Koralai Kirabaeva, Emanuele Massetti, Danielle N Minnett, Ian W.H. Parry, Tim Tjeerd, Sylke von Thadden-Kostopoulos, and Geoffroy Dolphin
The Netherlands has committed to the EU’s ambitious targets for cutting greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 and emissions neutrality in 2050 but at the same time is also vulnerable to sea-level rise and flood risks. This paper reviews recent mitigation policy initiatives in the Netherlands, including carbon levies for the industry and power sectors, energy and car tax reforms, and air passenger taxes, and recommends some modifications to these initiatives. The paper also provides assessments of hazards and macroeconomic risks from weather shocks and climate change and assesses the adaption plan against key principles on mainstream climate change into macro-fiscal planning.
Keywords:
Carbon levy; carbon pricing; climate change adaptation; climate change mitigation; emissions trading system; energy taxes; floods; green PFM; Netherlands climate strategy; price floor; sea-level rise; policy initiative; adaption initiatives in the Netherlands; Policy recommendation; C. assessing climate risk; Climate change; Natural disasters; Climate policy; Greenhouse gas emissions; Natural gas sector; Northern Europe; Global
Cover Staff Climate Notes
How to Cut Methane Emissions
Ian W.H. Parry, Mr. Simon Black, Danielle N Minnett, Mr. Victor Mylonas, and Nate Vernon
Limiting global warming to 1.5 to 2°C above preindustrial levels requires rapid cuts in greenhouse gas emissions. This includes methane, which has an outsized impact on temperatures. To date, 125 countries have pledged to cut global methane emissions by 30 percent by 2030. This Note provides background on methane emission sources, presents practical fiscal policy options to cut emissions, and assesses impacts. Putting a price on methane, ideally through a fee, would reduce emissions efficiently, and can be administratively straightforward for extractives industries and, in some cases, agriculture. Policies could also include revenue-neutral ‘feebates’ that use fees on dirtier polluters to subsidize cleaner producers. A $70 methane fee among large economies would align 2030 emissions with 2oC. Most cuts would be in extractives and abatement costs would be equivalent to just 0.1 percent of GDP. Costs are larger in certain developing countries, implying climate finance could be a key element of a global agreement on a minimum methane price.
Keywords:
Climate change mitigation; methane emissions; Global Methane Pledge; carbon pricing; methane tax; extractives; agriculture; design issues; border methane adjustment; international price floor; IMF staff Climate note; methane emission; IMF staff Climate Note 2022/008; IMF analysis; Greenhouse gas emissions; Natural gas sector; Agricultural sector; Agricultural commodities; Global
Cover IMF Working Papers
Dirty Dance: Tourism and Environment
Mr. Serhan Cevik
Tourism was one of the fastest-growing sectors before the COVID-19 pandemic, accounting for about 10 percent of global GDP. But it has also created a number of challenges including environmental degradation, especially in small island countries where the carbon footprint of tourism constitute substantial share of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. This study empirically investigates the impact of tourism on CO2 emissions in a relatively homogenous panel of 15 Caribbean countries over the period 1960–2019. The results show that international tourist arrivals have a statistically and economically significant effect on CO2 emissions, after controlling for other economic, institutional and social factors. Therefore, managing tourism sustainably requires a comprehensive set of policies and reforms aimed at reducing its impact on environmental quality and curbing excessive dependency on fossil fuel-based energy consumption.
Keywords:
Tourism; climate change; CO2 emissions; energy intensity; mitigation; adaptation; tourism constitute; impact of tourism; share of carbon dioxide; climate change mitigation; climate change vulnerability; Greenhouse gas emissions; Caribbean; Global
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Seychelles: 2022 Article IV Consultation, Second Review Under the Extended Fund Facility Arrangement, and Request for Modification of Performance Criteria and Indicative Targets-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for Seychelles
International Monetary Fund. African Dept.
This paper presents Seychelles’ 2022 Article IV Consultation, Second Review under the Extended Fund Facility Arrangement, and Request for Modification of Performance Criteria and Indicative Targets. Seychelles’ economic recovery in 2021 vastly outperformed projections, fueled by a faster-than-expected rebound of the tourism sector. The authorities are committed to reducing debt vulnerabilities and creating fiscal space to address future risks. The structural reform agenda will continue to focus on revenue administration, public financial management, and governance, including digitalization, state-owned-enterprise reform, and climate change adaptation and mitigation policies. Monetary policy remains appropriately accommodative, and the authorities are committed to closely monitoring inflationary pressures. The authorities are committed to reducing debt vulnerabilities and creating fiscal space to address future risks. The structural reform agenda will continue to focus on revenue administration, public financial management, and governance, including digitalization, state-owned enterprise reform, and climate change adaptation and mitigation policies. The country remains vulnerable to climate change.
Keywords:
Seychellois authorities; only authority; government finance statistics manual; policy commitment; emergency expenditure; government operation; Policy recommendation; Tourism; Monetary base; Global; Africa