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Political Science > Environmental Policy

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Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Kingdom of the Netherlands–The Netherlands: 2024 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; and Staff Report
International Monetary Fund. European Dept.
The 2024 Article IV Consultation discusses that the economy has cooled, but signs of overheating remain in The Netherlands. After two years of strong recovery, growth decelerated in 2023, reflecting the energy shock, tighter financial conditions, and a slowdown in key trading partners, particularly Germany. Core inflation remains elevated, reflecting a tight labor market, robust wage growth, and healthy profit margins. Growth is expected to gradually regain momentum in 2024, driven by higher private consumption and external demand. High interest rates will weigh on business and residential investment. For 2024, given the high cost of underestimating inflation persistence, a non-expansionary stance is warranted; adjustment measures should be identified. Medium-term fiscal challenges call for structural reforms to stabilize debt. Climate mitigation strategies need to tackle implicit fuel subsidies, striking the right balance among regulation, pricing/feebates, and subsidies, while addressing distributional concerns and ensuring policy predictability.
Keywords:
government Finance statistics yearbook; IMF staff calculation; core inflation persistence; EMU aggregate; consultation cycle; Labor markets; Inflation; Labor shortages; Fiscal stance; Europe
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Seychelles: 2022 Article IV Consultation, Second Review Under the Extended Fund Facility Arrangement, and Request for Modification of Performance Criteria and Indicative Targets-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for Seychelles
International Monetary Fund. African Dept.
This paper presents Seychelles’ 2022 Article IV Consultation, Second Review under the Extended Fund Facility Arrangement, and Request for Modification of Performance Criteria and Indicative Targets. Seychelles’ economic recovery in 2021 vastly outperformed projections, fueled by a faster-than-expected rebound of the tourism sector. The authorities are committed to reducing debt vulnerabilities and creating fiscal space to address future risks. The structural reform agenda will continue to focus on revenue administration, public financial management, and governance, including digitalization, state-owned-enterprise reform, and climate change adaptation and mitigation policies. Monetary policy remains appropriately accommodative, and the authorities are committed to closely monitoring inflationary pressures. The authorities are committed to reducing debt vulnerabilities and creating fiscal space to address future risks. The structural reform agenda will continue to focus on revenue administration, public financial management, and governance, including digitalization, state-owned enterprise reform, and climate change adaptation and mitigation policies. The country remains vulnerable to climate change.
Keywords:
Seychellois authorities; only authority; government finance statistics manual; policy commitment; emergency expenditure; government operation; Policy recommendation; Tourism; Monetary base; Global; Africa