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Political Science > Environmental Policy

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Cover IMF Working Papers
Coordinating Climate and Trade Policies: Pareto Efficiency and the Role of Border Tax Adjustments
Mr. Michael Keen and Mr. Christos Kotsogiannis
This paper explores the role of trade instruments in globally efficient climate policies, focusing on the central issue of whether some form of border tax adjustment (BTA) is warranted when carbon prices differ internationally. It shows that tariff policy has a role in easing cross-country distributional concerns that can make non-uniform carbon pricing efficient and, more particularly, that Pareto-efficiency requires a form of BTA when carbon taxes in some countries are constrained, a special case being identified in which this has the simple structure envisaged in practical policy discusions. It also stresses—a point that has been overlooked in the policy debate—that the efficiency case for BTA depends critically on whether climate policies are pursued by carbon taxation or by cap-and-trade.
Keywords:
WP; Pareto efficiency; Environmental taxation; cap-and-trade; international trade; border tax adjustments; tariff policy; producer price; tariff structure; policy debate; price elasticity; Carbon tax; Tariffs; Value-added tax; Emissions trading; Climate policy; Global
Cover IMF Working Papers
Tax Policy and the Environment: Theory and Practice
Mr. David C Nellor and Mr. Ronald T. McMorran
This paper provides a framework for examining environment taxes. It reviews the theoretical efficiency of three types of environment taxes: taxes on emissions or Pigouvian taxes; taxes on productive inputs or consumer goods whose use is related to environmental damage; and environment-related provisions in other taxes. A survey of environment taxes in 42 countries--drawn from developing countries, economies in transition, and industrial countries--illustrates that the use of environment taxes differs dramatically from the recommendations of environment tax theory. This divergence between the theory and practice of environment taxes can be attributed to several factors; environment taxes are difficult to implement, there are many factors that impede their effectiveness, and their introduction may be discouraged by their implications for other policy objectives.
Keywords:
WP; environment tax; tax; firm; environmental damage; cost; Pigouvian tax; marginal social cost; external cost; Consumption taxes; Environmental taxes; Tax efficiency; Environmental policy; Eastern Europe