Narrow Your Choices

Refine By Countries

Refine By Series

Refine By Language

Refine By Date

—

Refine By IMF Taxonomy

Refine By JEL Taxonomy

Refine by LOC Taxonomy

Refine By THEMA Taxonomy

  • Print
  • Save

Computers > Online Safety & Privacy

You are looking at 1 - 10 of 24 items for

  • Type: Journal Issue x
Clear All Modify Search
Cover FinTech Notes
Cyber Resilience of the Central Bank Digital Currency Ecosystem
Arvinder Bharath, Anca Paduraru, and Tamas Gaidosch
Over 100 central banks around the globe are exploring central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) to modernize payment systems. They aim to explore potential benefits, risks, and the broad range of new capabilities CBDCs might offer. Some view CBDC exploration as an opportunity to rethink their existing, legacy payment systems and build a resilient and secure infrastructure using modern technologies. However, a CBDC creates a vast and complex ecosystem that amplifies existing risk exposures and surfaces new ones. Given the implications of issuing a CBDC, it should be seen as a fundamental change in the way the central bank operates. This note considers experiences from live CBDCs and is informed by experiments conducted by central banks and international institutions for domestic use. It also draws from cybersecurity and resilience frameworks from standard-setting bodies.
Keywords:
Central bank digital currency; cyber risk; CBDCs; cybersecurity; fintech; digital money; central bank digital currency ecosystem; CBDC ecosystem; data breach; cybersecurity of an information system; security perimeter concept; Central Bank digital currencies; Infrastructure; Smart contracts; Global
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Spain: Financial Sector Assessment Program-Technical Note on Cyber Risk and Financial Stability
International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department
This paper explores a technical note on cyber risk and financial stability as part of Financial Sector Assessment Program (FSAP) in Spain. Technology risk and cyber resilience of the financial sector has become a focus area of the authorities, within the broader context of operational risk and resilience. This intensified focus by authorities is timely and important from the perspective of the continuity of financial service provision and the stability of the Spanish financial system. The FSAP found cyber risk supervisory practices of the authorities with regard to less significant institutions and financial market infrastructures in scope to be materially in line with applicable regulations and guidance and prevailing international good practice. Resource constraints are the most prominent challenge that the authorities are confronted with. A number of further weaknesses have a negative impact notwithstanding the overall strength of cyber risk supervision.
Keywords:
infrastructure regulation; banco de España; banking institution; Bolsas y Mercados Españoles; staff team of the International Monetary Fund; Cyber risk; PFM information systems; Payment systems; Financial Sector Assessment Program; External balance assessment (EBA); Global
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Japan: Financial Sector Assessment Program-Technical Note on Cyber Resilience and Financial Stability
International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department
This Technical Note focuses on Cyber Resilience and Financial Stability for the Japan Financial Sector Assessment Program. The cyber ecosystem is mature in Japan, with a range of stakeholders involved in ensuring the cybersecurity of the financial sector. The Financial Services Agency (FSA) is responsible for developing and operationalizing the cyber strategy for the financial sector. Cyber risk regulation and supervisory practice need further improvements. The Bank of Japan (BOJ) should strengthen the cyber risk oversight of financial market infrastructures. The FSA would benefit from deepening its analysis of the operational interconnectedness of the financial system. Further improvements in the response and recovery capabilities are recommended. The FSA and BOJ should keep upgrading, as necessary, a range of extreme but plausible cyber scenarios along with their existing Business Continuity Plans and/or Cyber Incident Response and Recovery Plans, for the financial sector. The authorities currently have strong cyber incident reporting regimes in place, with clear definitions, taxonomies, thresholds, and communication channels.
Keywords:
Japan Computer Emergency Response Team coordination Center; FSAP finding; context of the Financial Sector Assessment Program; securities commission; BOJ-NET participant; Financial stability assessment; Cyber risk; Financial sector; Financial sector stability; PFM information systems; Global
Cover Global Financial Stability Report, April 2024
Global Financial Stability Report, April 2024
The Last Mile: Financial Vulnerabilities and Risks
International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department

Abstract

Chapter 1 documents that near-term global financial stability risks have receded amid expectations that global disinflation is entering its last mile. However, along it, there are several salient risks and a build-up of medium-term vulnerabilities. Chapter 2 assesses vulnerabilities and potential risks to financial stability in corporate private credit, a rapidly growing asset class—traditionally focused on providing loans to midsize firms outside the realms of either commercial banks or public debt markets—that now rivals other major credit markets in size. Chapter 3 shows that while cyber incidents have thus far not been systemic, the probability of severe cyber incidents has increased, posing an acute threat to macrofinancial stability.

Keywords:
inflation; soft landing; private credit; private financing; cyber risk; cyber security; interest rate hike; debt restructuring processes; inflation expectation; persistent-than-expected inflation; portfolio flow; frontier economy; market functioning issue; Credit; Emerging and frontier financial markets; Financial sector stability; Loans; Global; Asia and Pacific; North America; Europe; Middle East
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Chile: Selected Issues
International Monetary Fund. Western Hemisphere Dept.
This Selected Issues paper studies renewable energy and attempts to estimate the gross domestic product (GDP) impact and assesses the role of policies in Chile. Chile has a comparative advantage in renewable energy. IMF estimates show that replacing coal power with solar and wind power, as announced by the government, could boost the long-term GDP level by at least 1 percentage point. The analysis indicates that the benefits of having targeted support for the transmission of electricity exceed costs. An additional benefit is the greater economic resilience to abrupt increases in coal and fuel prices that can have large negative impacts on the economy. A key constraint for the renewable energy sector is currently the transmission from where it is produced to where it is used. A cost-benefit analysis shows that state support industries, such as electricity transmission, may have economic benefits that outweigh the costs.
Keywords:
GDP impact; solvency risk; Chilean bank; Fintech firm; cybersecurity risk; Electricity; Cyber risk; Fintech; Energy sector; Financial inclusion; Global
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Iceland: Financial Sector Assessment Program-Technical Note on Cyber and Operational Resilience, Supervision and Oversight
International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department
This technical note focuses on cyber and operational resilience, supervision and oversight in Iceland. The Icelandic financial sector has not experienced seriously disruptive cyber-attacks or operational issues in recent years, but threats are growing. Iceland’s dependence on international connectivity for both debit and credit card systems introduces a significant vulnerability into the payment system. There is no dedicated cyber security strategy for the finance sector. Operational risk experts in the Central Bank of Iceland (CBI) are experienced and well regarded by financial institutions, but more resources are needed to provide adequate coverage of this increasingly important area. The supervision of financial institutions’ cybersecurity is highly dependent on self-assessments by the regulated entities themselves and independent reviews carried out by third parties. CBI should regularly revise the list of critical operations and critical service providers for internal use and for presentation to the Financial Stability Committee and Financial Stability Council. CBI is encouraged to enhance its incident dashboard by summarizing cyber incidents and examining trends.
Keywords:
C. supervision approach; payment services directive; markets authority; market infrastructure; cash payment; Cyber risk; Financial sector stability; Financial sector; Payment systems; Operational risk; Europe; Baltics; Global
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Trinidad and Tobago: Technical Assistance Report-Strengthening Cybersecurity in Financial Institutions
International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department
This technical note evaluates strengthening cybersecurity in financial institutions of Trinidad and Tobago. The deliverables included a capacity-building seminar on regulation of cyber risk. The Central Bank of Trinidad and Tobago identified the need for filling regulatory gaps and desires to issue a focused guideline on cybersecurity covering governance, risk management, incident reporting, and cyber hygiene, and intends to develop a draft guideline for consultation with its regulated institutions in the first quarter of 2023. Supervisory arrangements for Information and Communication Technology/cyber risks need further improvements and resource constraints within Financial Institutions Supervision Department need to be addressed urgently. The Identity and Access Management project has been formally set up and is now in Phase 1, which is considered preparatory. The governance of the project, the high-level roadmap, and the deliverables for Phase 1 are generally in line with good practices. It is recommended to establish regular cybersecurity meetings and reporting regime at the Board level with the participation of the Head of IT Security.
Keywords:
cybersecurity governance; Cybersecurity governance assessment; cybersecurity policy; control environment; pension firm; Cyber risk; Pensions; Insurance; Payment systems; Financial sector; Global
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Sweden: Financial Sector Assessment Program–Technical Note on Cybersecurity Risk Supervision and Oversight
International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department
This technical assistance report discusses Cybersecurity Risk Supervision and Oversight in Sweden. Sweden’s financial sector is highly digitized and interconnected, and the related technological developments heighten cyber threats and vulnerabilities. Sweden is well-served with agencies engaged with cybersecurity, but the roles and responsibilities of each in respect to the cyber security of the financial sector should be clarified and barriers to sharing information resolved. It is important that the financial sector engages with and helps to shape the activities of the National Cyber Security Centre. Cyber incident reporting frameworks are in place, as are some, limited, information sharing for a, but there is still an appetite from financial institutions to receive more information on threats and incidents. Contingency plans and crisis protocols should be established for large-scale cyber-attacks affecting the Swedish financial sector. The Swedish authorities are advised to identify and address the barriers to information sharing between government agencies, the financial authorities, and the private sector.
Keywords:
NIST cyber security framework; supervisory authority; crisis management exercise; Finansinspektionen organization chart; telecom authority; Cyber risk; Financial sector; Securities; Operational risk; Financial Sector Assessment Program; Baltics
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Mexico: Financial Sector Assessment Program-Technical Note on Cyber Resilience and Financial Stability
International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department
Mexico’s financial system is digitalizing rapidly, increasing exposure to cyber risk. As in other jurisdictions, internet and mobile banking users in Mexico have increased substantially, but cyber incidents have also surged in recent years. The tight interdependencies within its financial system, and beyond, make Mexico vulnerable to evolving cyber threats. Thus, the Financial System Stability Council (CESF) has recognized cyber as a risk with potential to impact financial stability.
Keywords:
information security; financial system Stability Council; cybersecurity risk supervision; Banco de México; supervision of participant; simulation exercise; payment system oversight function; Cyber risk; Financial sector; Financial sector stability; Infrastructure; PFM information systems; Global