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Cover IMF Working Papers
Accounting for Cloud Computing in the National Accounts
Mr. Andrew Baer, Mr. Kwangwon Lee, and James Tebrake
Digitalization and the innovative use of digital technologies is changing the way we work, learn, communicate, buy and sell products. One emerging digital technology of growing importance is cloud computing. More and more businesses, governments and households are purchasing hardware and software services from a small number of large cloud computing providers. This change is having an impact on how macroeconomic data are compiled and how they are interpreted by users. Specifically, this is changing the information and communication technology (ICT) investment pattern from one where ICT investment was diversified across many industries to a more concentrated investment pattern. Additionally, this is having an impact on cross-border flows of commercial services since the cloud service provider does not need to be located in the same economic territory as the purchaser of cloud services. This paper will outline some of the methodological and compilation challenges facing statisticians and analysts, provide some tools that can be used to overcome these challenges and highlight some of the implications these changes are having on the way users of national accounts data look at investment and trade in commercial services.
Keywords:
WP; cloud computing service; cloud service; IT service; cloud computing firm; Cloud storage service; computer processing firm; computer services export; delivery model; sector use cloud computing service; software service; use cloud computing service; cloud computing; information and communication technology; national accounts; data center; f irst company; service delivery model; cloud data storage service; cloud services from the IT services firm; cloud computing provider; Imports; Service exports; Information technology in revenue administration; Employee contributions; Global
Cover IMF Working Papers
Accounting for Cloud Computing in the National Accounts1
Mr. Andrew Baer, Mr. Kwangwon Lee, and James Tebrake

case these there is not any data for the period. Canada is excluded due to a methodological break in 2017. 2 Except of motor vehicles and motorcycles. The extent of cloud adoption differs across countries, sectors, and firm size. Among OECD countries, the share of businesses purchasing cloud computing services ( Figure 4 ) in 2018 ranges from a high of 65 percent in Finland to a low of 10 percent in Latvia. The OECD reports ( Figure 3 ) that over 60 percent of firms in the Information and Communication sector use cloud computing services but the comparable

Keywords:
WP; cloud computing service; cloud service; IT service; cloud computing firm; Cloud storage service; computer processing firm; computer services export; delivery model; sector use cloud computing service; software service; use cloud computing service; cloud computing; information and communication technology; national accounts; data center; f irst company; service delivery model; cloud data storage service; cloud services from the IT services firm; cloud computing provider; Imports; Service exports; Information technology in revenue administration; Employee contributions; Global
Cover IMF Working Papers
Front Matter
Mr. Andrew Baer, Mr. Kwangwon Lee, and James Tebrake
Keywords:
WP; cloud computing service; cloud service; IT service; cloud computing firm; Cloud storage service; computer processing firm; computer services export; delivery model; sector use cloud computing service; software service; use cloud computing service; cloud computing; information and communication technology; national accounts; data center; f irst company; service delivery model; cloud data storage service; cloud services from the IT services firm; cloud computing provider; Imports; Service exports; Information technology in revenue administration; Employee contributions; Global
Cover 2022-135-A001-en
2022-135-A001-en
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Colombia: Financial Sector Assessment Program–Detailed Assessment of Observance of the Basel Core Principles for Effective Banking Supervision
International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department
There have been significant improvements to the legal framework and the supervisory process since the last Basel Core Principles (BCP) review; some additional recommended enhancements are highlighted in this assessment. The Superintendency of Financial Institutions (SFC) is an integrated supervisor with a purview that includes banks, finance companies, insurance, securities, and other financial intermediaries. Additionally, the SFC is also the bank resolution authority. To strengthen consolidated supervision, Congress passed Financial Conglomerates Law (FCL) 1870 addressing the supervision of financial conglomerates and granting the SFC supervisory authority over financial conglomerates (CF).2 The FCL strengthened the framework for consolidated supervision, which already included banks and their subsidiaries, by adding holding companies as supervised entities. Moreover, it defined the scope of supervision of financial conglomerates, setting standards with regards to risk management, adequate capital, and corporate governance, as well as minimum requirements for managing concentration risks and conflicts of interest in intragroup and related party exposures. The SFC has strong coordination and cooperation arrangements with foreign supervisors (through signed Memoranda of Understanding (MOUs) and the coordination mechanisms derived from the CCSBSO, among others) as well as the authority to request information from parent companies, all of which were further enhanced with the issuance of the FCL. Additionally, the SFC has access and authority to require information from ultimate beneficial owners.
Keywords:
IMF-World Bank Financial Sector Assessment Program; credit risk Management System; risk profile; Sistema de Administración de Riesgo de Liquidez; Tier 1; staff team of the International Monetary Fund; Credit; Credit risk; Market risk; Operational risk; Financial statements; Central America; Global; South America
Cover Customs Matters
Chapter 7: Customs Administration and Digitalization
Tadatsugu Matsudaira and Jonathan Koh

, as it eases the total cost of ownership previously required. Advantages of using cloud computing services (such as software as a service [SaaS], platform as a service [PaaS], and infrastructure as a service [IaaS]) go beyond costs. The time to develop specific software applications that often take months can be drastically reduced in a cloud computing environment, and the development tools and environment are centralized in the cloud. Another benefit is the improved efficiency of IT resources via cloud virtualiza-tion. The services approach/ pay- per- use model

Keywords:
clearance system; risk management; system governance; tax-customs data exchange; ICT customs clearance system; Customs administration core functions; Artificial intelligence; Data mining and analytics; Cloud computing; Global; ICT system; customs clearance automation; customs ICT system