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Cover Finance & Development
Back to Basics: What Is Universal Basic Income?
Maura Francese and Delphine Prady

generous cash transfer. Anthony Atkinson’s (1996) “participation income” complements existing social programs and the minimum wage and is conditioned on a form of “social” participation— contributing to society through employment, education, childcare, or other activities. Across this broad spectrum, however, two common traits characterize and differentiate universal basic income-type pro-grams from others: Universality —or very large—coverage of individuals in society Unconditionality —or very broadly conditioned provision—as is the case of Atkinson

Keywords:
FD; F&D; income; worker; remittances migrant; population aging; economy; social insurance policy; governance of migration; s story; desk drawer; Personal income; Women; Income inequality; Global; Africa; Europe; East Asia; South Asia; Tax allowances; Social assistance spending; bond VigilanteBook review; time TravelerStraight talk; ProtectionPoint of view; cash transfer; participation income; income-support program; income support mechanism; means-tested program
Cover IMF Working Papers
Universal Basic Income: Debate and Impact Assessment
Maura Francese and Delphine Prady
This paper discusses the definition and modelling of a universal basic income (UBI). After clarifying the debate about what a UBI is and presenting the arguments in favor and against, an analytical approach for its assessment is proposed. The adoption of a UBI as a policy tool is discussed with regard to the policy objectives (shaped by social preferences) it is designed to achieve. Key design dimensions to be considered include: coverage, generosity of the program, overall progressivity of the policy, and its financing.
Keywords:
WP; UBI; income; cost; program
Cover IMF Working Papers
Does Spousal Labor Smooth Fluctuations in Husbands’ Earnings? The Role of Liquidity Constraints
Ms. Mercedes Garcia-Escribano
This paper theoretically and empirically investigates the role of spousal labor in buffering transitory shocks to husbands' earnings. To measure the amount of the shock that spousal labor absorbs, an instrumented cross-sectional variance decomposition is developed. Using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, the paper finds that the smoothing resulting from the wives' labor response (both labor force participation and hours of work) is larger for households with limited access to credit. This finding, which is consistent with the model's prediction, indicates that because of the presence of liquidity constraints, the temporal change in family income (exclusive of wives' earnings) reinforces the substitution effect in explaining the effect of shocks to the husbands' earnings on spousal labor.
Keywords:
WP; least squares
Cover IMF Working Papers
Front Matter
Ms. Mercedes Garcia-Escribano

. Robustness: Alternative Definition of Downward and Upward Shocks D. Implications VIII. Conclusion Appendix. Sample Selection References Tables 1. Changes in Household Marital Status by Changes in Husband’s Earnings 2. Summary Statistics 3. Smoothing Estimates—Independent Variable: Total Shock to Earnings, Δln y H 4. Spousal Labor Participation—Income Smoothing Estimates Independent Variable—Total Shock to Earnings, Δln y H —Instrumented 5. Effect of Husband’s Earnings on Spousal Labor at the Intensive Margin—Income Smoothing Estimates

Keywords:
WP; least squares
Cover IMF Working Papers
Natural Resource Taxation in Mexico: Some Considerations
Ms. Alpa Shah
Mexico has large extractive industries and it traditionally has raised sizable fiscal revenues from the oil and gas sector. A confluence of factors—elevated commodity prices, financial challenges of the state-owned oil company Pemex, and revenue needs for financing social and public investment spending over the medium term—suggest that a review of Mexico’s taxation regimes for natural resources would be opportune, against the backdrop of a comprehensive approach to tackling Mexico’s challenges. This paper identifies opportunities for redesigning mining taxation to increase somewhat the revenue intake while maintaining the favorable investment profile of the sector. It also discusses recent reforms to the oil and gas fiscal regime and future reform considerations, with attention to the attractiveness of investment on commercial terms—an issue that should be placed in the context of an overall reform of Pemex’s business strategy and possibly of the energy sector more generally.
Keywords:
Mining; Petroleum; Taxation; fiscal regime; revenue intake; investment profile; natural resource taxation; Pemex's taxation regime; cost cap; Oil; gas and mining taxes; Average effective tax rate; Production sharing; Mining sector; Oil prices; Global; Western Hemisphere
Cover Staff Discussion Notes
Women in the Labor Force: The Role of Fiscal Policies
Anna Fruttero, Daniel Gurara, Ms. Lisa L Kolovich, Vivian Malta, Ms. Marina Mendes Tavares, Nino Tchelishvili, and Ms. Stefania Fabrizio
Despite the increase in female labor force participation over the past three decades, women still do not have the same opportunities as men to participate in economic activities in most countries. The average female labor force participation rate across countries is still 20 percentage points lower than the male rate, and gender gaps in wages and access to education persist. As shown by earlier work, including by the IMF, greater gender equality boosts economic growth and leads to better development and social outcomes. Gender equality is also one of the 17 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals that 193 countries committed to achieve by 2030.
Keywords:
SDN; pay; income; gender wage gap; child care; household income; Female labor force participation; gender-responsive fiscal policy; inequality; labor productivity; overlapping generations general equilibrium model; poverty; labor force participation; maternity leave; fiscal policy intervention; Gender diversity; Women; Gender inequality; Labor force participation; Global
Cover Policy Papers
How to Operationalize Gender Issues in Country Work
International Monetary Fund. Strategy, Policy, & and Review Department
Reducing gender gaps can have important economic benefits. Gender gaps remain significant on a global scale, both with respect to opportunities and outcomes. For example, gender-based legal restrictions in many parts of the world, as well as barriers in access to education, healthcare, and financial services, prevent women from fully participating in the economy. In turn, labor force participation rates are lower among women than men. Gender equality can play an important role in promoting economic stability by boosting economic productivity and growth, enhancing economic resilience, and reducing income inequality. The Fund has begun operationalizing gender issues in its work. Staff has contributed to the economic literature through country-level and cross-country analytical studies, confirming the macro-criticality of gender issues in a broad set of circumstances. Gender issues are also increasingly becoming an integral part of capacity development though technical assistance and training. And in country work, two waves of gender pilots have been completed—encompassing both surveillance and Fund-supported programs and covering all regions of the world and all levels of income—and a third wave is under way. Coverage of gender issues in staff reports should be selective and calibrated to the degree of macroeconomic significance. All teams should consider whether gender issues are relevant, taking into account also the authorities’ priorities, but with no presumption that gender issues will be covered everywhere or every year and with in-depth coverage anticipated in only a limited number of cases any year. Staff should point to macroeconomic significance where it exists, with analysis focused on aspects with economic implications and specific policy advice limited to areas where there is Fund expertise. Where relevant, country teams should leverage external expertise. This note provides an overview of good practices and resources available to staff. The note is consistent with the 2015 Guidance Note for Surveillance Under Article IV Consultations and draws also on the 2013 Guidance Note on Jobs and Growth Issues in Surveillance and Program Work. It provides examples of good practice with respect to coverage of gender issues in country reports and lays out the resources available to country teams, both with respect to existing analytical work as well as the availability of data and tools.
Keywords:
PP; labor force participation; country team; country authorities; WAEMU country; staff report; Gender diversity; Gender inequality; Women; Sub-Saharan Africa; Global
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU): Selected Issues
International Monetary Fund. African Dept.
This Selected Issues paper reviews West African Economic and Monetary Union’s (WAEMU) regional macroeconomic surveillance framework to control all sources of debt accumulation and ensure debt sustainability. WAEMU’s regional surveillance framework aims at ensuring the sustainability of national fiscal policies and their consistency with the common monetary policy. While fiscal deficits have been the main driver of public debt across WAEMU member countries, the size of residual factors has varied greatly among these countries. The WAEMU Macroeconomic Surveillance Framework would benefit from adjustments to more effectively set the region’s public debt on a sustainable path. In addition, beyond adhering to the WAEMU fiscal deficit rule, member countries must curb below-the-budget-line operations. This would require improved monitoring of fiscal risks and the building of adequate budget provisions to address such risks before they materialize. Improved Treasury practices would also help eliminate the recourse to pre-financing arrangements and tighten control over expenditure. Public dissemination of the WAEMU progress report and strengthened peer-to-peer learning among member countries could improve the momentum for reforms.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; WAEMU country; WAEMU; GDP; trade flow; WAEMU trade integration; member country; convergence criterion; Government debt management; Income inequality; Global; West Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa