. Evaluation with statistical quality measures A. Degree of missingness B. Performance of imputation method C. Accuracy of imputation results D. Variability of statistics based on the imputed dataset VI. Conclusion VII. References Figures Figure 1. Missing data patterns for standard micro (=observation by variable) data Figure 2. Missing data patterns for multivariate time series and univariate cross-sectional time series Figure 3. Missing data patterns for multivariate cross-sectional time series
analysis”), a procedure that simply excludes all observation units with missing values from further analysis, or similar approaches are used instead of proper imputation techniques. With these procedures, a large share of information gets lost and biased estimates are a frequent consequence. Researchers have recurrently demonstrated that estimates based on imputed datasets outperform estimates based on reduced datasets that ignore observation units and/or variables with missing values irrespective of the underlying imputation method (e.g. Colledge et al., 1978 ; Little
where data are missing through multiply-imputed datasets estimated by a linear regression. The distinguishing characteristic of the Multiple Imputation method is that, as its name suggests, instead of imputing a single point estimate for a missing data point, it produces a set of plausible estimates, building into the ultimate estimate the uncertainty associated with the missing data ( Rubin 1987 ). 1 Once these plausible datasets are produced, results from them are then aggregated, often by an average, to make the final estimate. The chapter uses Predictive Mean