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Cover Staff Climate Notes
Planning and Mainstreaming Adaptation to Climate Change in Fiscal Policy
Emanuele Massetti and Mr. Matthieu Bellon
This Staff Climate Note is part of a series of three Notes (IMF Staff Climate Note 2022/001, 2022/002, and 2022/003) that discuss fiscal policies for climate change adaptation. A first Note (Bellon and Massetti 2022, henceforth Note 1) examines the economic principles that can guide the integration of climate change adaptation into fiscal policy. It argues that climate change adaptation should be part of a holistic, sustainable, and equitable development strategy. To maximize the impact of scarce resources, governments need to prioritize among all development programs, including but not limited to adaptation. To this end, they can use cost-benefit analysis while ensuring that the decision-making process reflects society’s preferences about equity and uncertainty. A second Note (Aligishiev, Bellon, and Massetti. 2022, henceforth Note 2) discusses the macro-fiscal implications of climate change adaptation. It reviews evidence on the effectiveness of adaptation at reducing climate change damages, on residual risks, and on adaptation investment needs, and suggests ways to integrate climate risks and adaptation costs into national macro-fiscal frameworks with the goal of guiding fiscal policy. It stresses that lower-income vulnerable countries, which have typically not contributed much to climate change, face exacerbated challenges that warrant increased international support. This third Note considers how to translate adaptation principles and estimates of climate impacts into effective policies.
Keywords:
Climate change; adaptation; fiscal policy; public financial management; IMF staff Climate note; IMF staff Climate Note 2022/003; mainstreaming adaptation; IMF analysis; copyright page; insurance coverage; Climate change; Natural disasters; Climate policy; Caribbean; Global
Cover Staff Climate Notes
Not Yet on Track to Net Zero: The Urgent Need for Greater Ambition and Policy Action to Achieve Paris Temperature Goals
Mr. Simon Black, Ian Parry, Mr. James Roaf, and Karlygash Zhunussova
Achieving the Paris Agreement’s temperature goals requires cutting global CO2 emissions 25 to 50 percent this decade, followed by a rapid transition to net zero emissions. The world is currently not yet on track so there is an urgent need to narrow gaps in climate mitigation ambition and policy. Current mitigation pledges for 2030 would achieve just one to two thirds of the emissions reductions needed for limiting warming to 1.5 to 2oC. And additional measures equivalent to a global carbon price exceeding $75 per ton by 2030 are needed. This IMF Staff Climate Note presents extensive quantitative analyses to inform dialogue on closing mitigation ambition and policy gaps. It shows purely illustrative pathways to achieve the needed global emissions reductions while respecting international equity. The Note also presents country-level analyses of the emissions, fiscal, economic, and distributional impacts of carbon pricing and the trade-offs with other instruments—comprehensive mitigation strategies will be key.
Keywords:
Climate change mitigation, Paris Agreement, ambition gap, policy gap, mitigation pledges, abatement costs, carbon pricing, feebates; IMF staff climate note; IMF Staf Climate Notes; mitigation ambition; ambition gap; Paris temperature goal; Greenhouse gas emissions; Climate change; Global
Cover Staff Climate Notes
Climate-Sensitive Management of Public Finances—"Green PFM”
Mr. Fabien Gonguet, Mr. Claude P Wendling, Ozlem Aydin Sakrak, and Bryn Battersby
Public financial management (PFM) consists of all the government’s institutional arrangements in place to facilitate the implementation of fiscal policies. In response to the growing urgency to fight climate change, “green PFM” aims at adapting existing PFM practices to support climate-sensitive policies. With the cross-cutting nature of climate change and wider environmental concerns, green PFM can be a key enabler of an integrated government strategy to combat climate change. This note outlines a framework for green PFM, emphasizing the need for an approach combining various entry points within, across, and beyond the budget cycle. This includes components such as fiscal transparency and external oversight, and coordination with state-owned enterprises and subnational governments. The note also identifies principles for effective implementation of a green PFM strategy, among which the need for a strong stewardship located within the ministry of finance is paramount.
Keywords:
public financial management, green budgeting, green public financial management, mainstreaming, climate change adaptation, climate change mitigation; IMF staff Climate note; IMF staff Climate Note 2021/002; climate change mitigation; management of public finances; climate change adaptation; Budget planning and preparation; Climate change; Climate policy; Global
Cover Staff Climate Notes
Sovereign Climate Debt Instruments: An Overview of the Green and Catastrophe Bond Markets
Mr. Sakai Ando, Mr. Francisco Roch, Ursula Wiriadinata, and Mr. Chenxu Fu
Financial markets will play a catalytic role in financing the adaptation and mitigation to climate change. Catastrophe and green bonds in the private sector have become the most prominent innovations in the field of sustainable finance in the last fifteen years. Yet, the issuances at the sovereign level have been relatively recent and not well documented in the literature. This Note discusses the benefits of issuing these instruments as well as practical implementation challenges impairing the scaling-up of these markets. The issuance of these instruments could provide an additional source of stable financing with more favorable market access conditions, mitigate the stress of climate risks on public finances and facilitate the transition to greener low-carbon economies. Emerging market and developing economies stand to benefit the most from these financial innovations.
Keywords:
Green bonds; greenium; catastrophe bonds; financial innovation; IMF staff Climate note; Climate debt instruments; IMF staff Climate Note 2022/004; catastrophe bond; IMF analysis; Climate finance; Bonds; Sovereign bonds; Climate change; Natural disasters; Europe
Cover Staff Climate Notes
Planning and Mainstreaming Adaptation to Climate Change in Fiscal Policy
Emanuele Massetti and Mr. Matthieu Bellon

evaluations to inform future plans. This involves continually monitoring progress and regularly updating adaptation plans. This Staff Climate Note is part of a series of three Notes (IMF Staff Climate Note 2022/001, 2022/002, and 2022/003) that discuss fiscal policies for climate change adaptation . A first Note ( Bellon and Massetti 2022 , henceforth Note 1) examines the economic principles that can guide the integration of climate change adaptation into fiscal policy. It argues that climate change adaptation should be part of a holistic, sustainable, and equitable

Keywords:
IMF-World Bank climate change Policy assessment; nonlife insurance penetration; disaster costs manifold; IMF staff climate note 2022/001; IMF's green Public Finance Management