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Figure 17. Fiscal Space and COVID-19 Fiscal Cost, 2019–20 Figure 18. Fiscal Balance, Debt, and Estimated Cost of COVID-19 Response Figure 19. Efficiency Frontiers in Nonparametric Approach Figure 20. Output Efficiency Scores from Nonparametric Approach Figure 21. Spending Efficiency—Parametric and Nonparametric Approaches Figure 22. Socioeconomic Outcomes under Higher Efficiency Figure 23. Health Care Spending Adequacy and Efficiency Figure 24. Increase in Life Expectancy if COVID-19 Health Spending Is Incorporated into Permanent Government Expenditure
prevention of chronic illnesses is a more efficient way to spend fiscal resources, especially when compared to costly subsidies for medical treatment abroad. Investing in the human resources for primary health care will also offer a gender dividend, given that many primary health care workers in the region tend to be female. Figure 23. Health Care Spending Adequacy and Efficiency (2018 or latest value available) Sources: World Development Indicators; and IMF staff calculations. Note: Data labels use International Organization for Standardization (ISO) country